A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a crucial component in various electronic systems that enables the conversion of discrete digital signals into continuous analog signals. This process involves mapping the digital values onto an analog output, allowing the resulting signal to be used by devices that require analog input, such as speakers or display screens. The primary function of a DAC is to accurately represent the original digital information as an analog voltage or current level. In most cases, this conversion occurs in real-time, ensuring seamless interaction between digital and analog components within a system. DACs are widely utilized in applications including audio equipment, communication systems, and medical devices. Their role in facilitating the integration of digital technology with traditional analog systems is vital for efficient data transmission and processing.